Bar and Rod
Plate and Sheet
Strip
Pipe and Tube
Wire
Welding
Powder Material
Cast Products
Forged Products
Fittings
Fastening
Round Bar:
φ2–500 mm, 1–6 m length
Flat/Square Bar:
4–100 mm thickness/width
Hex Bar:
A/F 3–100 mm
Hollow Bar:
OD 20–300 mm
Sheet:
0.3–6 mm thickness
Medium Plate:
6–25 mm thickness
Heavy Plate:
25–100 mm thickness
Standard Strip:
0.05–3 mm thick,
10–600 mm wide
Precision strip:
0.01–0.5 mm thick,
tight tolerance ±0.005 mm
Foil:
0.005–0.1 mm thick
Seamless Tube:
OD 6–450 mm,
WT 1–50 mm,
1–12 m length
Welded Tube:
OD 10–600 mm,
WT 1–20 mm
Capillary Tube:
OD 1–10 mm,
WT 0.1–2 mm
Wire Form:
Cold Drawn Wire,
Bright Wire,
Spring Wire,
Fine Wire,
Ultra-fine Wire
General Diameter:
φ0.1–10 mm
Coil Weight:
50–500 kg,
customizable tolerance
Solid Wire:
φ0.8–4.0 mm
Flux-cored Wire:
φ1.2–4.0 mm
Welding Rod:
φ2.0–5.0 mm
Powder Form:
AM 3D Printing Powder,
Spherical Powder,
Gas-atomized Powder,
Water-atomized Powder
Particle Size:
10–150 μm
Sphericity:
≥90% for AM grade
Cast Ingot:
φ200–800 mm
Precision Casting:
min wall 0.5 mm
Cast Pipe:
OD 100–600 mm,
WT 10–50 mm
Forged Bar:
Φ35–500 mm
Forged Ring:
OD 200–2000 mm
Forging Weight:
1–5000 kg
Fittings Form:
Elbow, Tee, Reducer, Flange, Cap, Outlet, Lap Joint
Size range:
1/2''–24'' (DN15–DN600)
Wall thickness:
Sch10–Sch160, STD, XS, XXS
Pressure Class:
150–2500 LB
Fastening Form:
Bolt, Nut, Screw, Stud, Washer, Pin, Rivet
Metric: M3–M64
Imperial: #4–2.5''
Length: 6–500 mm
Monel 400 is a solid-solution nickel–copper alloy (approximately 67% nickel, 30% copper) — the first of the corrosion-resistant nickel alloys, developed in 1905. This datasheet presents the material within the Monel trade-name designation system.
It combines good mechanical properties with excellent resistance to a wide range of corrosive media. It is one of the few materials that resists hydrofluoric acid and fluorine, and is a benchmark material for seawater and marine service, where it resists flowing seawater, brackish water and brine. It also resists reducing acids such as sulphuric and hydrochloric under non-oxidising (de-aerated) conditions, alkalis, salts and most organic acids, and is highly resistant to chloride-ion stress-corrosion cracking. Being free of chromium, it is not suited to strongly oxidising environments.
The alloy is not age-hardenable; it is strengthened only by cold work. It retains strength and toughness from sub-zero temperatures to about 400 °C with no ductile-to-brittle transition, and is readily fabricated and welded. Typical applications include marine and offshore equipment (propeller shafts, seawater piping, pumps and valves), chemical and hydrocarbon processing, heat exchangers and feedwater heaters, crude-petroleum stills, fasteners and springs. It is listed in NACE MR0175 / ISO 15156 for sour service.
Values per manufacturer (Special Metals / VDM) data, annealed condition.
| Property | Value | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Density | 8.80 | g/cm³ |
| Melting range | 1300–1350 | °C |
| Young's modulus (20 °C) | 179 | GPa |
| Specific heat capacity (20 °C) | 427 | J/kg·K |
| Thermal conductivity (20 °C) | 21.8 | W/m·K |
| Electrical resistivity (20 °C) | 0.51 | µΩ·m |
| Coefficient of thermal expansion (20–100 °C) | 13.9 | µm/m·°C |
| Curie temperature | ~20–50 | °C |
| Magnetic response | Ferromagnetic near room temperature | — |
| Maximum service temperature | ~480 (ASME); to ~540 in some service | °C |
Limiting composition per ASTM B164 (UNS N04400).
| Element | Symbol | Min % | Max % | Role in Alloy |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nickel (+ Cobalt) | Ni | 63.0 | — | Base element; corrosion resistance (typ. ~67%) |
| Copper | Cu | 28.0 | 34.0 | Primary alloying element; reducing-acid + seawater resistance |
| Iron | Fe | 1.0 | 2.5 | Controlled (typ. ~1.5) |
| Manganese | Mn | — | 2.0 | Deoxidiser |
| Carbon | C | — | 0.3 | Controlled |
| Silicon | Si | — | 0.5 | Deoxidiser |
| Sulphur | S | — | 0.024 | Residual impurity |
Note: a solid-solution Ni-Cu alloy; the high nickel content gives chloride-SCC resistance and the copper gives resistance to reducing acids and seawater.
Typical room-temperature properties, annealed condition.
| Property | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Ultimate tensile strength | 480–585 MPa | Annealed |
| 0.2% proof strength (yield) | 170–345 MPa | Annealed |
| Elongation at break | 35–40 % | Annealed |
| Hardness | ~110–150 HB | Annealed |
The alloy is solid-solution (not age-hardenable) and is strengthened by cold work, which can substantially raise the tensile and yield strengths. It retains strength and toughness from cryogenic temperatures to about 400 °C with no ductile-to-brittle transition. Values are typical; confirm against the mill test certificate for each delivery.
| Environment | Performance | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Seawater / brackish water / brine | Outstanding | Benchmark marine material; resists flowing seawater |
| Hydrofluoric acid / fluorine | Outstanding | One of few materials resistant to HF and fluorine |
| Sulphuric / hydrochloric acid (reducing) | Very Good | Under non-oxidising (de-aerated) conditions |
| Alkalis | Excellent | Good resistance to caustic |
| Salts / most organic acids | Excellent | Broad resistance |
| Chloride stress-corrosion cracking | Outstanding | High nickel content |
| Sour service (H₂S) | Good | NACE MR0175 / ISO 15156 |
| Stagnant seawater | Caution | May pit under stagnant conditions |
| Oxidising media (nitric acid, oxidising salts) | Poor | No chromium — avoid |
A solid-solution nickel–copper alloy; not age-hardenable. Heat treatment is for annealing / stress relief only; strengthening is by cold work.
Anneal Temperature: 700–900 °C, time depending on section and prior cold work, followed by appropriate cooling Purpose: softening and recrystallisation after cold work.
Stress relief of cold-worked material can be carried out at lower temperatures. The alloy has no ductile-to-brittle transition and retains toughness to cryogenic temperatures.
Readily welded by common processes and also brazed and soldered. The alloy is easily fabricated and retains good ductility in the as-welded condition.
| Welding Process | Applicability | Filler / Consumable |
|---|---|---|
| GTAW / TIG · GMAW / MIG | Excellent | AWS A5.14 ERNiCu-7 (Monel Filler Metal 60) |
| SMAW / stick | Good | AWS A5.11 ENiCu-7 (Monel Electrode 190) |
Keep joints clean and free of contaminants. Welds should be made on clean, grease-free surfaces; the alloy's good weldability makes it well suited to fabricated marine and process equipment.
Machining Guidelines
| Parameter | Recommendation |
|---|---|
| Condition | Machines best cold-drawn or cold-drawn + stress-relieved |
| Work hardening | Work-hardens; rigid setup, sharp tooling, positive rake |
| Coolant | Flood coolant recommended |
Forming Processes
| Process | Notes |
|---|---|
| Hot forming | Standard hot-working practice for Ni-Cu alloys |
| Cold forming | Readily formed; work-hardens (strengthening by cold work) |
| Annealing | 700–900 °C after heavy cold work |
| Industry | Typical Components | Key Requirements |
|---|---|---|
| Marine / offshore | Propeller shafts, seawater piping, pumps, valves, fittings | Seawater + chloride-SCC resistance |
| Chemical processing | Reactors, heat exchangers, piping for reducing acids | Sulphuric/hydrochloric (reducing) + HF resistance |
| Oil and gas | Sour-service hardware, crude-petroleum stills | H₂S resistance (NACE MR0175) |
| Hydrofluoric acid | HF production and handling equipment | One of few HF-resistant materials |
| Power / process | Feedwater heaters, heat exchangers | Corrosion resistance + thermal performance |
| Fasteners / springs | Bolts, fasteners, springs | Strength + corrosion resistance |
| Product Form | ASTM Standard | ASME Code | AMS |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rod, bar and wire | ASTM B164 | ASME SB-164 | AMS 4730 |
| Plate, sheet and strip | ASTM B127 | ASME SB-127 | AMS 4544 |
| Seamless pipe and tube | ASTM B163 / B165 | ASME SB-163 / SB-165 | — |
| Forgings | ASTM B564 | ASME SB-564 | AMS 4675 |
| Fittings | ASTM B366 | ASME SB-366 | — |
| Fasteners | ASTM F467 / F468 | — | — |
| Welding consumables | AWS A5.14 ERNiCu-7 · AWS A5.11 ENiCu-7 | — | AMS 4574 |
Listed in NACE MR0175 / ISO 15156 for sour service; QQ-N-281. ASME pressure-vessel service to ~480 °C. UNS N04400.
| Monel Grade | Ni % | Key Element | Type | Best Used For |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Monel 400 | 63–70 | Cu 28–34 | Solid-solution Ni-Cu | Seawater, HF, reducing acids |
| Monel K-500 | 63–70 | Cu 27–33 | Age-hardened Ni-Cu (Al+Ti) | Higher strength; pumps/shafts |
| Nickel 200 | ≥99.0 | — | Commercially pure Ni | Caustic/alkali; conductivity |
| Inconel 600 | ≥72 | Cr 14–17 | Ni-Cr-Fe | High-temperature oxidation |
| Cupronickel 70/30 | 30 (Ni) | Cu balance | Copper-base Cu-Ni | Seawater (lower strength/cost) |
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